20+ Best Brevo(Sendinblue) Alternatives Worth Switching in 2026

December 11, 2025
5 min read
Tazmeen

By Tazmeen

20+ Best Brevo(Sendinblue) Alternatives Worth Switching in 2026

Email marketing remains one of the most powerful marketing channels in 2026, with global email users expected to grow significantly in the coming years. According to the latest email marketing statistics, almost three-quarters of marketers say email is their go-to channel for ROI, with many reporting up to a 2× improvement year over year.

Brevo (formerly Sendinblue) has been a popular choice for email marketing, but it's not perfect for everyone. If you're experiencing deliverability issues, finding the pricing structure confusing, or simply need more advanced features, you're in the right place.

This guide compares over 20+ best Brevo (SendinBlue) alternatives, with detailed insights on pricing, features, and ideal use cases for each tool.

Why Look for Brevo(Sendinblue) Alternatives?

Before we explore the alternatives, let's understand the common pain points users face with Brevo:

  • Deliverability concerns: Recent reports indicate that Brevo's deliverability averages around 77-88%, with Gmail inbox placement as low as 72%. This means nearly one in three emails might land in spam folders.

  • Limited email templates: Brevo offers only 47 pre-made templates, which can feel restrictive for businesses that need variety.

  • Basic e-commerce features: Online stores often find Brevo's e-commerce functionality limited compared to specialized platforms.

  • Daily sending limits on the free plan: The 300 emails per day limit can be insufficient for growing businesses.

  • Customer support issues: Users report slow response times and unresolved tickets, especially during critical campaign periods.

If any of these resonate with you, exploring tools like Brevo becomes essential for your marketing success.

Quick Comparison: Top 20+ Sendinblue Alternatives

Platform

Starting Price

Free Plan

Key Strength

Automation Score

Mailmodo

$39/month

✅ (Forever free plan)

Complete AI Email marketing

⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐

ActiveCampaign

$29/month

❌ (14 days)

Marketing automation

⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐

Klaviyo

$20/month

✅ (Forever)

E-commerce integration

⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐

Mailchimp

$13/month

✅ (Forever)

User-friendliness

⭐⭐⭐

GetResponse

$19/month

✅ (30 days)

Webinars + Automation

⭐⭐⭐⭐

Moosend

$9/month

✅ (30 days)

Price-to-value ratio

⭐⭐⭐⭐

Omnisend

$16/month

✅ (14 days)

SMS + Email + Push

⭐⭐⭐⭐

SendGrid

$19.95/month

✅ (Forever)

API & deliverability

⭐⭐⭐⭐

Constant Contact

$12/month

❌ (14 days)

Event marketing

⭐⭐⭐

HubSpot

$20/month

✅ (Forever)

CRM integration

⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐

MailerLite

$10/month

✅ (30 days)

Ease of use

⭐⭐⭐⭐

AWeber

$12.50/month

✅ (30 days)

Customer support

⭐⭐⭐

ConvertKit

$9/month

✅ (14 days)

Creator-focused tools

⭐⭐⭐⭐

Campaign Monitor

$11/month

❌ (14 days)

White-label options

⭐⭐⭐⭐

Sender

$19/month

✅ (Forever)

Generous free plan

⭐⭐⭐⭐

Drip

$39/month

❌ (14 days)

Advanced personalization

⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐

Benchmark Email

$13/month

✅ (Forever)

Simple interface

⭐⭐⭐

SendPulse

$8/month

✅ (Forever)

Multi-channel + chatbots

⭐⭐⭐⭐

Mailjet

Custom

✅ (Forever)

Real-time co-editing

⭐⭐⭐

EmailOctopus

$8/month

✅ (Forever)

Budget-friendly pricing

⭐⭐⭐

EngageBay

$13.79/month

✅ (15 days)

All-in-one CRM + Marketing

⭐⭐⭐⭐

Keap

$249/month

❌ (14 days)

CRM + Sales automation

⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐

Top 20+ Brevo(Sendinblue) Alternatives

1. Mailmodo

Mailmodo is an AI-powered email marketing software that helps you create, automate, and optimize campaigns effortlessly. From planning strategy to writing copy and building journeys, Mailmodo’s AI Agents handle it all, with no technical expertise needed. It’s the fastest way to send smart, interactive, and high-performing emails.

Mailmodo stands out as the #1 best Brevo alternative by combining AI-powered personalization, with letting subscribers take action directly within their inbox, while delivering content tailored to their interests

Key Features

  • AI Email Assistant

  • AI-Powered Email Builder

  • Drag-and-Drop Editor

  • Interactive AMP Emails

  •  AI Audience Segmentation Made Simple

  • Smart Email Automation

  • Bulk Campaigns

  • Email Deliverability

  • Advanced Analytics & Insights

Best For

SMBs, SaaS brands, and marketers looking to boost engagement and conversions through AI Email marketing

Pricing

Plan

Price

Forever-Free Plan

$0/month

Lite

$39/month

Pro

$79/month

Max

$159/month

Why Choose Over Brevo

  • AI Email Assistant 

  • Faster Email Production With AI.

  • Higher Email Engagement 

  • Smart AI Email Automation

  • Better Personalization & Segmentation 

  • Easy Automation for Any Use Case 

  • Scalable for All Business Sizes 

  • Better ROI on Email Marketing 

2. ActiveCampaign

ActiveCampaign is mainly known for its automation features and customer segmentation. It also mixes email marketing, CRM, and automation in one platform, which is perfect for companies that require complex workflows and deep integration between marketing and sales teams.

Key Features

  • Powerful visual automation builder with advanced logic

  • Detailed contact segmentation and personalization

  • Built-in CRM with sales automation

  • Predictive sending and content optimization

  • 900+ integrations

  • Excellent deliverability rates (consistently above 90%)

Best For

Companies that are in need of complex automation workflows, B2B enterprises with long sales cycles, and companies seeking deep integration between marketing and sales.

Pricing

Plan

Price

Lite

$29/month

Plus

$49/month

Professional

$149/month

Why Choose Over Brevo

  • Automation capabilities are much more nuanced and complex

  • Deliverability rates are better

  • ROI justifies the cost for serious email marketers

  • Stronger CRM integration

3. Klaviyo

Klaviyo is an email marketing platform for e-commerce that provides progressive segmentation based on buying behavior, visiting history, and uses predictive analytics. It is perfect for online retailers who desire to increase their income by providing personalized customer experiences and running data-driven campaigns.

Key Features

  • Advanced e-commerce segmentation and personalization

  • Predictive analytics for customer lifetime value

  • Pre-built flows for abandoned carts, browse abandonment, and win-back

  • Revenue attribution reporting

  • Native integrations with Shopify, WooCommerce, and Magento

  • SMS marketing included

Best For

Online retailers, Shopify stores, subscription businesses, and any ecommerce brand that is dedicated to personalization and revenue growth.

Pricing

Plan

Price

Free

$0

Email

Starting at $20/month

Email + SMS

Starting at $35/month

Why Choose Over Brevo

  • Ecommerce-specific features that are way beyond Brevo's capabilities

  • Predictive analytics that help target customers in a much more efficient way

  • Better revenue attribution reporting

  • Designed specifically for online retail

4. Mailchimp

Mailchimp has a very user-friendly interface with gorgeous templates, which makes it perfect for email marketing for startups. Thanks to its user-friendly design and vast template library, businesses can easily create professional-looking campaigns even if they have no technical or design skills.

Key Features

  • Intuitive drag-and-drop email builder

  • 100+ professionally designed templates

  • Basic automation and segmentation

  • Landing pages and social media ads

  • E-commerce integrations

  • Built-in analytics dashboard

Best For

Small businesses, startups, content creators, and anyone who is looking for a platform that is easy to use and does not require much time to learn.

Pricing

Plan

Price

Free

$0

Essentials

$13/month

Standard

$20/month

Premium

$350/month

Why Choose Over Brevo

  • Better design quality and user-friendliness

  • More polished templates than Brevo's limited selection

  • Better suited for absolute beginners

  • Stronger brand recognition and ecosystem

5. GetResponse

GetResponse is a combination of email marketing and the tools for course creation and webinar hosting, which makes it the number one choice for digital product creators. This amazing combination eliminates the need for multiple platforms and, therefore, allows creators to have their entire digital product ecosystem in one place.

Key Features

  • AI-powered course creator

  • Built-in webinar hosting (up to 1,000 attendees)

  • Conversion funnel builder

  • Advanced automation workflows

  • E-commerce features, including abandoned cart recovery

  • Landing page builder with A/B testing

Best For

Course creators, coaches, consultants, and businesses that host webinars or sell digital products.

Pricing

Plan

Price

Free

$0

Email Marketing

$19/month

Marketing Automation

$59/month

E-commerce Marketing

$119/month

Why Choose Over Brevo

  • Built-in webinar functionality (Brevo requires third-party integrations)

  • Course creation tools included

  • Better for digital product creators

  • More comprehensive funnel-building capabilities

6. Moosend

Moosend enables businesses to take advantage of various feature sets at a price less than half that of competitors, making it an excellent, cheap email marketing platform for companies looking to save money. What’s more, the pricing is approachable, and the platform is not lacking in ambition. It offers sophisticated automation and analytics with only a few limitations.

Key Features

  • Email editor with drag-and-drop

  • Automation recipes at the advanced level

  • Landing page builder

  • Analytics in real-time and personalized reporting

  • AI-driven product recommendations

  • E-commerce integrations

Best For

Small and medium businesses, startups with limited capital, and anyone who wants advanced features at a non-premium price.

Pricing

Plan

Price

Free

$0

Pro

$9/month

Enterprise

Custom

Why Choose Over Brevo

  • Affordable pricing makes more features accessible at lower price levels

  • Better value across feature points

  • No limitation on email sends on the free plan

  • More suitable and effective for scaling

7. Omnisend

Omnisend is a platform that helps clients smoothly communicate their marketing message via the use of email, SMS, web push notifications, and other means, all coming from one center. The idea behind it is to be the tool for the e-commerce sector that reaches consumers no matter where they are, to deliver an uninterrupted shoppers' journey through various contact points.

Key Features

  • Single view of campaigns across channels

  • Pre-built automation workflows for e-commerce

  • Interactive emails with product pickers

  • SMS and push notification integration

  • Advanced segmentation

  • Product recommendation engine

Best For

E-commerce businesses that are willing to reach their customers through more than one channel, and retailers whose customers are tech-savvy and love using their mobile devices.

Pricing

Plan

Price

Free

$0

Standard

$16/month

Pro

$59/month

Why Choose Over Brevo

  • More integrated multi-channel strategy and execution

  • Higher standard, ecommerce-specific features

  • Better for online stores

  • Consolidated customer view across channels

8. SendGrid

SendGrid (recently renamed Twilio SendGrid) is a delight for developers because of its strong API features; in other words, it's the perfect pick for a technical team. The network that SendGrid builds is of enterprise grade and aimed at very high volume scenarios. This is where the reliability and the scalability come from, the two most important features that are much sought after by tech companies and SaaS businesses for their transactional emails.

Key Features

  • Impressive email API

  • Infrastructure aimed at getting high deliverability

  • Tools for email validation

  • Extensive analytics and real-time reporting

  • Dynamic templates

  • Options for dedicated IP

Best For

Technology companies, SaaS organizations, developers looking to send emails programmatically, and businesses that produce a large volume of transactional emails.

Pricing

Plan

Price

Free

$0

Essentials

$19.95/month

Pro

$89.95/month

Why Choose Over Brevo

  • A more powerful and developer-friendly API with more capabilities

  • Focus on technical teams in terms of providing support

  • Excellent custom email solution

  • Capability for higher volume with better infrastructure

9. Constant Contact

One of the strong points of Constant Contact is the way it makes it easy for businesses to manage events while also doing email marketing, as it comes with features for registration and ticketing right out of the box. It's a great tool for companies that regularly organize events, as it provides the smooth integration between event promotion, registration management, and follow-up communications.

Key Features

  • Event marketing and registration tools

  • Integration of social media marketing

  • Easy-to-use email editor

  • Segmentation of the list

  • Management of contacts with CRM features

  • Creating surveys and polls

Best For

Event organizers, non-profits, local businesses, and community service organizations that frequently host events or conduct webinars.

Pricing

Plan

Price

Lite

$12/month

Standard

$35/month

Why Choose Over Brevo

  • More powerful event management features

  • Better integration with social media

  • Ideal for organizations that host regular events

  • Strong community and non-profit support

10. HubSpot

HubSpot offers a comprehensive marketing platform with a powerful free CRM that integrates seamlessly with email marketing. It provides an all-in-one solution for businesses looking to align their marketing and sales efforts.

Key Features

  • More powerful free CRM than Brevo's

  • Unmatched marketing-sales integration for B2B

  • Better for inbound marketing methodology

  • More comprehensive platform ecosystem

Best For

Event organizers, nonprofits, local businesses, and organizations that frequently host events or webinars.

Pricing

Plan

Price

Lite

$12/month

Standard

$35/month

Premium

$80/month

Why Choose Over Brevo

  • More powerful free CRM than Brevo's

  • Unmatched marketing-sales integration for B2B

  • Better for inbound marketing methodology

  • More comprehensive platform ecosystem

11. MailerLite

MailerLite keeps things simple but doesn't compromise on the necessary features, thus small businesses receive good value from it. Its neat, user-friendly interface is an easy way to introduce email marketing to everyone, and at the same time, the program offers the automation and segmentation features that are the tools of the trade for efficacious campaigns.

Key Features

  • Clean, intuitive interface

  • Drag-and-drop editor

  • Landing page builder

  • Marketing automation

  • Website builder included

  • Excellent deliverability

Best For

Bloggers, content creators, small businesses, and anyone who wants to carry out straightforward email marketing.

Pricing

Plan

Price

Free

$0

Growing Business

$10/month

Why Choose Over Brevo

  • Cleaner and easier to navigate interface

  • Unlimited emails at every tier vs Brevo's credit system

  • More flexible pricing structure

  • Better for content creators

12. AWeber

AWeber was established in 1998 and is still offering customer-friendly email marketing with great customer support. With years of experience in serving small businesses, it is able to provide the stability and energetic customer support that are the must-haves for entrepreneurs in the process of creating their email marketing programs.

Key Features

  • Extensive email template library (700+ templates)

  • Autoresponder sequences

  • Behavioral automation

  • List management and segmentation

  • Landing page builder

  • 24/7 customer support

Best For

Small businesses, solopreneurs, coaches, and anyone who prioritizes customer support.

Pricing

Plan

Price

Free

$0

Lite

$12.50/month

Plus

$20/month

Why Choose Over Brevo

  • More responsive customer support

  • Significantly larger template library (700+ vs Brevo's 47)

  • Good for users who need hand-holding

  • Longer track record and stability

13. ConvertKit

ConvertKit was created with the sole intention of helping creators. It provides straightforward yet potent tools for audience building. The platform gets rid of the excess and focuses on what content producers need the most, i.e., subscriber base growth and direct communication establishment with the audience.

Key Features

  • Simple visual automation builder

  • Subscriber tagging system

  • Landing pages and forms

  • Creator-focused templates

  • Audience segmentation

  • Integrations with creator platforms

Best For

Bloggers, YouTubers, podcasters, authors, and online creators who are building direct relationships with their audience.

Pricing

Plan

Price

Free

$0

Creator

$9/month

Creator Pro

$25/month

Why Choose Over Brevo

  • Creator-focused approach is simpler and more intuitive

  • Better suited for content creators than Brevo's business orientation

  • The tagging system is more flexible than traditional list segmentation

  • Stronger community and resources for creators

14. Campaign Monitor

With the availability of white-label options and client management features, Campaign Monitor is the choice that best fits the needs of those agencies that are the managers of multiple brands. It is a product that has features especially meant for marketing agencies and design studios, which require a platform to deliver professional email campaigns for various clients from one account.

Key Features

  • Drag-and-drop email builder

  • Advanced segmentation

  • Automation workflows

  • Client management dashboard

  • White-label options

  • Time zone sending

Best For

Marketing agencies, design studios, and businesses that manage multiple brands or clients.

Pricing

Plan

Price

Basic

$11/month

Unlimited

$29/month

Premier

$149/month

Why Choose Over Brevo

  • Better agency features and white-label options

  • Brevo has no client management capabilities

  • Good for managing multiple clients

  • Professional tools for agencies

15. Sender

Sender has one of the most liberal free plans available in the market, with almost all features included at no cost. It is an excellent free email marketing solution for companies that want to try out advanced features without investing any money, offering functionality that many competitors reserve for their paid tiers

Key Features

  • The free plan allows users to perform automation and segmentation

  • Drag and drop editor

  • SMS marketing

  • Transactional emails

  • Landing pages and popups

  • Real-time analytics

Best For

Startups, small businesses, and anyone who wants to try email marketing without making a financial commitment.

Pricing

Plan

Price

Free

$0

Standard

$19/month

Professional

$29/month

Why Choose Over Brevo

  • More generous free plan (2,500 vs. Brevo's 300 daily limit)

  • More features are included in the free tier

  • Better for testing without making a commitment

  • Unlimited emails on the paid plans

16. Drip

Drip is a great solution when talking about advanced e-commerce automation with a powerful integration of customer data. It is a perfect fit for growing online stores that require advanced personalization and automation features to increase revenue and create a long-term customer relationship.

Key Features

  • Advanced e-commerce automation

  • Tracking of customer behavior

  • Mass personalization

  • Revenue attribution

  • Multichannel marketing

  • Visual workflow builder

Best For

E-commerce brands that are scaling, Shopify stores looking for automation, and those businesses that have complex customer journeys.

Pricing

Plan

Price

Email

$39/month

Custom

Custom pricing

Why Choose Over Brevo

  • Drastically more complex e-commerce automation

  • Improved personalization capabilities

  • Better customer journey mapping

  • More advanced revenue attribution

17. Benchmark Email

Benchmark Email is aimed at simplifying things and having an extremely user-friendly interface that is a great fit for email marketing beginners. The platform removes absolutely all the difficulties of email marketing and the factors that may scare users, thus making it possible for those organizations that have basic needs and limited technical skills to take advantage of it.

Key Features

  • Easy email editor

  • Responsive templates

  • Basic automation

  • List management

  • A/B testing

  • Polls and surveys

Best For

Small businesses that are new to email marketing, non-profits, and those organizations that have basic email needs.

Pricing

Plan

Price

Free

$0

Pro

$13/month

Why Choose Over Brevo

  • More user-friendly interface for beginners

  • Learning curve is easier

  • Good for organizations that have basic needs

  • Not as overwhelming as Brevo's feature set

18. SendPulse

SendPulse integrates email, SMS, web push, and chatbots into a single low-cost platform. The main customers for this product are those businesses that want to be able to reach their clients through every digital channel but do not want to manage different tools or pay high prices for each channel separately.

Key Features

  • Email, SMS, and web push notifications

  • Chatbot builder for different platforms

  • CRM included

  • Automation 360

  • Landing page builder

  • Transactional emails

Best For

Businesses that want omnichannel marketing at affordable prices, e-commerce stores, and companies that require chatbots.

Pricing

Plan

Price

Free

$0

Standard

$8/month

Pro

$9.85/month

Why Choose Over Brevo

  • More channels to include chatbot functionality

  • Better value for omnichannel marketing

  • More affordable for micro-businesses

  • Includes CRM in all plans

19. Mailjet

Mailjet is great at collaboration between the teams by allowing real-time co-editing and also by providing workflows for the approval process. The tool is especially useful for marketing departments and agencies where a lot of stakeholders are involved and need to collaborate on the email campaigns, hence it provides features that make the review and approval process.

Key Features

  • Real-time email collaboration

  • Approval workflows

  • Template builder with co-editing

  • Segmentation and personalization

  • Transactional email API

  • Contact management

Best For

Marketing teams that require collaboration features, large organizations with multiple stakeholders, and agencies managing client campaigns.

Why Choose Over Brevo

  • Superior collaboration features for teams

  • Better for multiple people working on campaigns simultaneously

  • More robust approval workflows

  • Real-time co-editing capability

20. EmailOctopus 

EmailOctopus keeps things simple and affordable, perfect for high-volume senders on a budget. Built on Amazon SES infrastructure, it provides excellent deliverability at a fraction of the cost of competitors, making it ideal for newsletters and businesses with large subscriber lists.

Key Features

  • Simple email campaigns

  • Landing page builder

  • Basic automation

  • Contact management

  • Integrations via Zapier

  • Amazon SES integration

Best For

 Newsletter senders, bloggers, businesses with large lists but simple needs.

Pricing

Plan

Price

Free

$0

Pro

$8/month

Why Choose Over Brevo

  • Significantly cheaper for large lists

  • Good deliverability through Amazon SES

  • Better for high-volume senders

  • Simpler pricing structure

21. Encharge

Encharge specializes in behavior-driven email automation, tracking user actions to trigger highly targeted campaigns. With built-in deliverability monitoring and managed IP reputation, it ensures your emails reach inboxes while automating complex customer journeys based on real-time user behavior.

Key Features

  • Behavior-based email flows

  • User segmentation by actions

  • Deliverability monitoring

  • Managed IP reputation

  • Visual flow builder

  • CRM integrations

  • Analytics and reporting

Best For 

SaaS companies, product-led businesses, and marketers are focused on user engagement and lifecycle automation.

Pricing

Plan

Price

Growth

$49/month

Pro

$99/month

Enterprise

Custom

Why Choose Over Brevo

  • Superior behavior tracking and triggers

  • Managed IP reputation for better deliverability

  • Advanced user journey mapping

  • Better for product-led growth strategies

  • More sophisticated automation capabilities

22. Keap 

Keap (formerly Infusionsoft) combines a full-featured CRM with marketing automation and e-commerce tools, creating an all-in-one platform for small businesses. It goes beyond email to manage sales pipelines, appointments, payments, and customer relationships in one integrated system.

Key Features

  • Complete CRM system

  • Email marketing automation

  • Sales pipeline management

  • Appointment scheduling

  • Payment processing

  • Landing pages and forms

  • E-commerce capabilities

  • Text message marketing

Best For 

Small businesses, consultants, coaches, and service providers need CRM and marketing in one platform.

Pricing

Plan

Price

Pro

$249/month

Max

$349/month

Ultimate

Custom

Why Choose Over Brevo

  • Full CRM with sales pipeline

  • Integrated payment processing

  • Appointment scheduling built-in

  • Better for service-based businesses

  • All-in-one business management platform

  • More comprehensive than email-only tools

Migration Tips: Moving Away from Brevo(Sendinblue)

When switching from Brevo to a new platform, follow these steps for a smooth transition:

1. Export Your Data

Before anything else, export:

  • Complete contact list with all custom fields

  • Email templates and campaigns

  • Automation workflows (document them)

  • Reports and performance data

  • Landing pages and forms

2. Clean Your List

Use this opportunity to:

  • Remove unengaged subscribers (no opens in 6+ months)

  • Fix invalid email addresses

  • Update contact information

  • Segment your list properly

3. Plan Your Migration

  • Start with a test group (10-20% of the list)

  • Run parallel campaigns for comparison

  • Monitor deliverability closely

  • Gradually migrate automation workflows

4. Set Up Properly

Don't rush the technical setup:

  • Configure domain authentication (SPF, DKIM, DMARC)

  • Warm up new IP addresses gradually

  • Set up integrations before going live

  • Test all workflows thoroughly

5. Communicate with Subscribers

  • Send a re-engagement campaign

  • Explain any changes in email frequency

  • Update subscription preferences

  • Test how emails render

Common Mistakes to Avoid

When switching email platforms, avoid these pitfalls:

1. Choosing Based on Price Alone: The cheapest option isn't always the most cost-effective. Poor deliverability or missing features can cost more in lost revenue than you save on subscription fees.

2. Ignoring Deliverability: A platform with 70% deliverability at $10/month costs you more than one with 95% deliverability at $50/month if it means 25% more customers see your emails.

3. Underestimating Learning Curve: Moving platforms takes time. Factor in the learning curve, training needs, and potential productivity dip during transition.

4. Not Testing Before Committing: Always use free trials to:

  • Test the interface with your team

  • Verify integrations work properly

  • Check deliverability with your list

  • Ensure templates meet your needs

5. Forgetting About Integrations: Your email platform must work with your other tools. Check integration quality, not just availability.

Final Thoughts

Brevo offers solid value, but it's not the right fit for every business. Whether you're struggling with deliverability issues, need more advanced automation, or require specialized features for e-commerce or course creation, there's a better alternative available.

The email marketing landscape is competitive, which means you have excellent options regardless of your business size, industry, or budget. Use this guide to find the platform that aligns with your goals, test it thoroughly, and make the switch when you're confident.

Your email marketing success depends on reaching inboxes consistently and engaging subscribers effectively. Choose a platform that excels at both, and you'll see the results in your metrics and revenue.